Which of the following elements is NOT typically included in drug labeling?

Drug labeling is designed to provide clear, comprehensive information to healthcare providers and patients regarding the proper use of a medication. This includes critical information such as side effects, contraindications, and dosage information, all of which are essential for ensuring safe and effective use.

While drug efficacy studies are an important part of the drug approval process and help establish a medication's effectiveness, they are typically not included in the labeling that is provided to healthcare providers and patients. Instead, drug labeling focuses on the practical aspects of the drug’s use, which allows healthcare professionals to make informed decisions about prescribing and patients to use medications safely. The studies may be referenced in more extensive documentation or the drug's clinical trial data, but labeling is more concise and user-oriented.

Therefore, the inclusion of side effects, contraindications, and dosage information helps users of the medication to understand how to use it safely and effectively, which is why these elements are essential components of drug labeling.